Ⅱ.Kidney or Renal Disease

Kidney Stones

They are a hard mass of calcium and oxalate or phosphates that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney. There are also struvite stones caused be infection in the urinary tract. Much less common are the uric acid stone and the rare cystine stone. Renal tubular acidosis, Cystic kidney diseases, and metabolic disorders (i.e. hyperparathyroidism) are also suspected of causing stones. Symptoms can include:

• Sharp pain in the back, side and/ or lower abdomen.
• Nausea and vomiting occur
• Pain in the groin
• Fever and chills

Infection

Also called Pyelonephritis, it usually is from bacteria that spread from the bladder Causes can include:

• Cystoscopes (to examine the bladder and urethra)
• Enlarged prostate
• Surgery
• Catheters
• Kidney stones